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1a,
بِسمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحمٰنِ الرَّحيمِ

1. أَرَءَيْتَ ٱلَّذِى يُكَذِّبُ بِٱلدِّينِ
2. فَذَٰلِكَ ٱلَّذِى يَدُعُّ ٱلْيَتِيمَ
3. وَلَا يَحُضُّ عَلَىٰ طَعَامِ ٱلْمِسْكِينِ
4. فَوَيْلٌ لِّلْمُصَلِّينَ
5. ٱلَّذِينَ هُمْ عَن صَلَاتِهِمْ سَاهُونَ
6. ٱلَّذِينَ هُمْ يُرَآءُونَ
7. وَيَمْنَعُونَ ٱلْمَاعُ(2


1b
1) That he deprives the orphan of his
rights and evicting him from his father’s
heritage thrusts him away.

(2) That if an orphan comes to ask him
for help, he repulses him instead of
showing him any compassion, and if he
still persists in his entreaties in the hope
for mercy, he drives him away and out of
sight.

(3) That he ill-treats the orphan.
(2a)
(i)Inspiration; These can come in the form of a dream or as a thought that comes into the mind. Sometimes the Prophets of Alláh received His orders in a dream. When Prophet Ibráhím (AS) saw in a dream that he was sacrificing his son, Prophet Ismá’íl (AS), they
both knew it was a command of Alláh.

(ii)From Behind a Curtain; This means that the revelation comes indirectly. These can be low, buzzing or high-pitched sounds which are understood by a Prophet. Sometimes, Alláh causes an object to speak. One of his attributes
is Mutakallim, which means he can give speech to any object. In the case of Prophet Músá (AS), his first call was through a burning bush.

(iii)Through an Angel Alláh usually used Jibríl to send His commands to the Prophets Sometimes Jibríl would come in his own image, sometimes he would come as a man. Most of the messages sent through the angels were verbal, but
occasionally, as with the Torah,the message was written.


(2b)
(i)Al-kitab (the book)

(ii)Al-furqan (the criterion)

(iii) Al-hudah (the guidance)


(3a) Hadith implies the narration of a
saying, or of an act, or of an approval (Taswib) of the Prophet (SAW), irrespective of whether the matter is authenticated or stilldisputed.
While
The word Sunnah means a clear path. Its
the manner in which the Almighty deals
with nations - and which holds true for all
nations - as been termed in the Holy
Quran as the Sunnah of Allah.

(5) Iman or Faith There is none worthy of
worship except Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.
"This declaration of faith is called the
Shahadah, a simple formula that all the
faithful pronounce.
The significance of this declaration is the
belief that the only purpose of life is to serve and obey God, and this is achieved
through the teachings and practices of the Last Prophet, Muhammad.

4a
*Revelation
*Tafseer
*Preservation of Islam

4b
1. Sahih: meaning “Sound”. A hadith
reported by a trustworthy reporter known
for his truthfulness, knowledge, correct
way of narrations etc.

2. Hasan: meaning “Good”. The one whose
reporters are know and is clear-cut.

3. Da`if: meaning “Weak”. A hadith
ranking
under that of Hasan because of failing to
address the Isnad properly.

8)
-Usman dan Fodio became very popular
preaching against unislamic practices in
Hasualand and gathered a large followership;

-The attempt to arrest dan Fodio by Nafata failed and this led to the outbrfeak of the
jihad;

-The jihadists were victorious. They killed
Nafata, took over his government and declared an Islamic State;

-This encouraged the Fulani scholars to rise against other Hausa rulers;
-It became common practice for a Fulani
scholar to travel to dan Fodio to obtain flag after which he returned to his state to declare a jihad and deposed the Hausa ruler;

-Within a short period, Islamic states were established all over Hausaland and the jihad leaders replaced Hausa rulers;

-Hausa states became known as Emirates and the Fulani rulers as Emirs;

-Dan Fodio built Sokoto as his new capital and seat of the caliphate. The Emirs recognized him;

-Fodio became the sultan and Amin-al-mumini and each of the Emirs went to Sokoto to swear allegiance to him.


5a)
Fasting is another unique moral and
spiritual characteristic of Islam. Literally
defined, fasting means to abstain
"completely" from foods, drinks, intimate
intercourse and smoking, before the
break of the dawn till sunset, during the
entire month of Ramadan, the ninth
month of the Islamic year. But if we
restrict the meaning of the Islamic Fasting
to this literal sense, we would be sadly
mistaken.
5b)
*Exemption From Fasting:*
These said qualifications exclude the
following categories:
*Children under the age of puberty and
discretion.
Insane people who are unaccountable for
their deeds.
* People of these two categories are
exempted from the duty of fist, and no
compensation or any other substitute is
enjoined on them.
*Men and women who are too old and
feeble to undertake the obligation of fast
and bear its hardships. Such people are
exempted from this duty, but they must
offer, at least, one needy poor Muslim an
average full meal or its value per person
per day.
*Sick people whose health is likely to be
severely affected by the observance of
fast.
* They may postpone the fast, as long as
they are sick, to a later date and make up
for it, a day for a day.
*Travelers may break the fast temporarily
during their travel only and make up for
it in later days, a day for a day